2020年 5月号 D項

最近のコロナ・ウィルス騒ぎのため、当面YYクラブはお休みとならざるを得ません。しかし、世界では大きなトッピクがあります。米国の大統領選挙です。第2次大戦後から今日まで、色々変化を経てきています。文献調査を行いまとめたものを11月まで、毎月初めに、徐々に公開していく予定です。ご興味ありましたらご高覧いただければ幸いです。

Lately, because of the coronavirus pandemic, we have to close the YY club for a while.However, another topic, the 2020 United States presidential election, may distract us from the coronavirus outbreak. Since the World War II the election has changed a lot. There is a lot of paperwork should be finished until November when the election will be held, and we will make it public month by month. We will be very pleasure, if you were interested in it.

The 2020 United States presidential election & Current issues and future in American politics Until today, The US presidential nomination contest has been seen as a model of the democracy from the view of the Japanese. However, the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries began in last fall, and why did the Democratic primary field have over 20 candidates at one point in last fall? It seems that there are various groups and their representative has run, if not, it is impossible to see what kind of groups exist and are fighting.

This year, I was wondering what kind of results it will be like. Then, just Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders remain as the two left standing going into the next round of primary elections in April. With the withdrawal of Sanders from the Democratic race, Biden and President Trump have no remaining opponents but each other. I remember that among the original 20 people, there was a young candidate who was more likely to win in speech. But as outsiders, I think we should stop that kind of discussion. So, Let’s focus on the presidential election and political issues of the United States, which is a senior in The Two-party system.

As a racial melting pot, the United States is a multi-ethnic nation with complicated interests, but it can win numerous supporters in a two-party system is impressed me. However, there is also some problems becomes clearer as we investigate. The documents investigated are as follows.

Masato Watanabe, Wall of American Politics, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.

Ian Bremmer, Every nation for itself: winners and losers in a G-zero world, Japanese version, Nikkei Publishing Inc.

The problems and questions are listed below. This is the first time and I would like to describe the Democratic Party start with the primary.

1.Main questions

1) For the first time, Democratic primary field had over 20 candidates run for the election. How did the party line up its supporters? Am I completely free as I am?

2) It is said that Democratic Party is divided into various parts. How does the party break up?

3) How did the Republicans and Democrats historically divided?

The table of contents (the questions listed above will be reversed.

1.Liberal genealogy
2. Emergence of the New Deal and the Liberalism
3. Liberal “politics of movement” and “politics of approval”
4. Maintenance and polarization by the rise of the West Republican Party
5. Populism since the 1970s
6. New Democratic Movement and Clinton Democrats (The Third Way)
7. Liberalism and uniqueness of Obama’s presidency

The direction of Liberalism The contents of the above items will be addressed by November when the presidential election is held.

1.Liberal genealogy

Socialism is absent because Americans never struggled with feudalism, which is quite different from Earope Louis Hartz, an American political scientist, was focusing on what the United States lacks in contrast with Europe. The conclusion of Hartz are as follows.

• The point is that America had lacked a feudal heritage. That is, neither the lord nor the peasant is a true “right wing” or “left wing”. And this fostered a wealth of internal development.
• However, Americans delusion that they have inherited liberalism firmly.
• Socialism did not take root in the United States, despite its economic disparity compared to other developed countries.
• That is, only liberalism became a powerful ideology, and no ideology that could oppose it. The ideological confrontation in the United States is only between left (liberal) and right (conservative) in liberalism.

The events that support the reason:

• General elections permeated early in the United States. People gained general suffrage in Europe and Japan by linking with socialism and labor movement. On the contrary, Americans did not have the rights.
• The Americas had vast land to be cultivated, everyone aimed to become an independent farmer, and workers had a relatively high standard of living.
• It’s hard to get a class struggle over a pure economic disparity. Rather, there was just an identity struggle for social recognition of minority groups.
• Except for the former black slaves and aborigines, people voluntarily came to the United States. That is, it was a country of immigrants.

This is the “American Dream” we often hear.
As a result, what are identities of those people?

① The stronger the will be succeeded from the first generation of immigrants, the more frustration it means, wh en the se cond and subsequent generations receive welfare.

② Successful American public figures want to show that they are frugal immigrants for generations ago.

③ Oppositely, if you said that your success is because of welfare, you will not be respected.

④ Movement and political parties with the goal of redistribution did not occur at root.

-tWritten by Chiba and Translated by Li Luan.

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ご参考に日本語を添付します。

２０２０年アメリカ大統領選挙　と　アメリカの政治の問題点と行く末

今日まで、日本人の目から米国の大統領選挙を見ていると「民主主義のお手本」として見ていた。しかしながら、昨年秋から始まった民主党の予備選では、その秋にはなぜ？候補者が約20名も乱立したのか？色々なグループがありその代表的人物が出馬したものと思われるが、であれば、どの様なグループが存在し争っているかが見えない。今年に入り、どの様に決着するのかと、考えさせられた。そして、今年4月の予備選では、早くも、サンダース氏とバイデン候補が残り、さらに最終戦で民主党候補として一本化され、共和党のトランプ氏と11月に両氏の決戦となる。言論の戦いに果たしてバイデン氏が勝てるのであろうか？

当初の20名の中で、若くて、言論で、もっと勝てそうな候補がいたと記憶する。しかし我々は部外者であり、この議論はやめておく。そして、アメリカの大統領選挙および二大政党政治の先輩である米国の政治について調べたことを問題点を中心に議論することとしたい。

米国は人種のるつぼと言われるとおり、多民族国家であり、利害関係も複雑で、よくも二大政党政治で支持者を獲得できるものと感心する。しかし、調査していくとやはり問題は浮き彫りとなる。なお、調査した文献は下記である。

・渡辺将人著「アメリカ政治の壁」岩波新書

・イアン・ブレマー著「スーパーパワー（Ｇゼロ時代のアメリカの選択）」日本経済新聞社

問題点および疑問点を下記する。なお、今回は初めてであり、予備選が始まった順で民主党について以下に結果を述べたい。

1、主な疑問点：

（１）民主党で最初、約20名の候補が立候補した。党として、どの様に支持者を並べたのであろうか？　　俺が俺がとして、全く自由にさせたのであろうか？

（２）民主党内でも様々に分裂していると言われる。どの様に分裂しているのか？

（３）共和党と民主党は歴史的にはどの様に分けられたのであろうか？

目次案（上記疑問点の並びとは逆に述べていきます。

１．リベラルの系譜
２．ニューデールとリベラリズムの台頭
３．リベラルな「運動の政治」と「承認の政治」
４．西武共和党の台頭による保守化と分極化
５．1970年代以降のポピュリズム
６．ニュー・デモクラッ運動とクリントン政権（第三の道）
７．オバマ政権の＠リベラリズムと独自性
８．リベラリズムの行方

上記項目の内容は、大統領選挙が行われる今年11月までに順次述べていく予定です。